227 source-reported values from 10 filed studies. Values are shown as printed in each source, with the basis and page. Studies differ in samples, methods and limits, so values are not directly comparable. Measured samples do not represent every product on the market.
Occurrence evidence
| analyte | value | unit | basis | source location | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFOA | < LLOQ | ng/L | Breast milk, Riyadh (n = 25); mean | PDF p.6, Table 4, PFOA row, Mean column | Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| PFOA | < LLOQ | ng/L | Breast milk, Riyadh (n = 25); median | PDF p.6, Table 4, PFOA row, Median column | Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| PFOA | 73.35 | ng/L | Breast milk, Riyadh (n = 25); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 4, PFOA row, Max column | Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| PFOS | < LLOQ | ng/L | Breast milk, Riyadh (n = 25); mean | PDF p.6, Table 4, PFOS row, Mean column | Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| PFOS | < LLOQ | ng/L | Breast milk, Riyadh (n = 25); median | PDF p.6, Table 4, PFOS row, Median column | Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| PFOS | 85.2 | ng/L | Breast milk, Riyadh (n = 25); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 4, PFOS row, Max column | Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| PFOA | 139 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Shanghai Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 64-308 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Shanghai range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | 17 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Shanghai Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | <5-28 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Shanghai range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | 21 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Shanghai Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | <10-42 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Shanghai range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | 4 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Shanghai Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | <4-11 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Shanghai range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | 8 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Shanghai Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | <4-18 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Shanghai range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 65 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Shanghai Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 16-177 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shanghai (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Shanghai range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 266 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Jiaxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 177-411 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Jiaxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | 32 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Jiaxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | 11-46 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Jiaxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | 64 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Jiaxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | 15-139 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Jiaxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | 5 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Jiaxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | <4-8 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Jiaxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | 13 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Jiaxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | 5-19 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Jiaxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 119 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Jiaxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 21-321 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Jiaxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Jiaxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 94 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Shaoxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 33-151 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Shaoxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | 21 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Shaoxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | 10-39 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Shaoxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | 47 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Shaoxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | <10-106 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Shaoxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | 4 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Shaoxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | <4-6 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Shaoxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | 3 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Shaoxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | <4-4 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Shaoxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 77 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Shaoxing Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 7-308 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Shaoxing (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Shaoxing range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 42 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Stockholm Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | <2-81 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOA row, Stockholm range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | 10 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Stockholm Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFNA | <5-18 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFNA row, Stockholm range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | <10 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Stockholm Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFDA | <10-15 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFDA row, Stockholm range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | 7 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Stockholm Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFBS | <4-21 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFBS row, Stockholm range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | 7 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Stockholm Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFHxS | <4-13 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFHxS row, Stockholm range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 39 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); average | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Stockholm Conc. column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOS | 23-58 | pg/mL | Mother's milk, Stockholm (n = 10); range | PDF p.5, Table 1, L-PFOS row, Stockholm range in parentheses column | Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China |
| PFOA | 0.017 [0.012, 0.027] | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); median [IQR] | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFOA row, milk median (IQR) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFOA | 356 (83.6) | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); samples at or above LOD, N (%) | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFOA row, milk N (% >= LOD) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFOS | 0.024 [0.016, 0.036] | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); median [IQR] | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFOS row, milk median (IQR) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFOS | 392 (92.0) | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); samples at or above LOD, N (%) | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFOS row, milk N (% >= LOD) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFHxS | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); median [IQR] | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFHxS row, milk median (IQR) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFHxS | 32 (7.5) | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); samples at or above LOD, N (%) | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFHxS row, milk N (% >= LOD) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFNA | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); median [IQR] | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFNA row, milk median (IQR) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFNA | 29 (6.8) | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (N = 426); samples at or above LOD, N (%) | PDF p.4, Table 2, PFNA row, milk N (% >= LOD) column | Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort |
| PFOS | 0.03 (0.02) | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, all participants (N = 425); overlaps the Criswell 2022 cohort; mean (SD) | PDF p.4, Table 1, PFOS in human milk row, overall (N = 425) column | Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort |
| PFOA | 0.02 (0.01) | ng/mL | Human milk, New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, all participants (N = 425); overlaps the Criswell 2022 cohort; mean (SD) | PDF p.4, Table 1, PFOA in human milk row, overall (N = 425) column | Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort |
| PFOS | 15.8 (10.7) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Africa (N = 27) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 13.6 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Africa (N = 27) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | [0, 44.6] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Africa (N = 27) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 17.1 (10.4) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Africa (N = 27) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 15.7 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Africa (N = 27) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | [6.20, 63.4] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Africa (N = 27) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0.489 (1.78) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Africa (N = 27) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Africa (N = 27) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | [0, 7.56] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Africa; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Africa (N = 27) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 27.7 (46.7) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Asia (N = 18) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 16.2 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Asia (N = 18) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | [0, 212] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Asia (N = 18) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 18.1 (7.17) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Asia (N = 18) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 17.4 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Asia (N = 18) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | [9.98, 35.0] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Asia (N = 18) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 6.90 (26.1) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Asia (N = 18) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Asia (N = 18) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | [0, 111] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Asia; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Asia (N = 18) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 36.4 (22.1) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, CEE (N = 12) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 32.6 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, CEE (N = 12) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | [12.2, 83.3] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, CEE (N = 12) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 30.6 (9.16) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, CEE (N = 12) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 30.7 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, CEE (N = 12) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | [12.6, 48.8] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, CEE (N = 12) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 2.37 (4.54) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, CEE (N = 12) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, CEE (N = 12) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | [0, 12.9] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, CEE; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, CEE (N = 12) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 24.3 (18.3) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, GRULAC (N = 21) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 18.4 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, GRULAC (N = 21) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | [0, 65.3] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, GRULAC (N = 21) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 23.4 (12.6) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, GRULAC (N = 21) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 19.7 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, GRULAC (N = 21) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | [7.81, 61.5] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, GRULAC (N = 21) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 2.61 (7.75) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, GRULAC (N = 21) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, GRULAC (N = 21) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | [0, 34.8] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, GRULAC; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, GRULAC (N = 21) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 27.9 (13.5) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, WEOG (N = 8) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 24.3 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, WEOG (N = 8) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | [13.5, 51.4] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, WEOG (N = 8) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 31.7 (13.4) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, WEOG (N = 8) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 33.4 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, WEOG (N = 8) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | [17.7, 57.8] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, WEOG (N = 8) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 4.28 (6.53) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, WEOG (N = 8) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, WEOG (N = 8) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | [0, 17.4] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, WEOG; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, WEOG (N = 8) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 24.4 (26.0) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Overall (N = 86) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | 18.9 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Overall (N = 86) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOS | [0, 212] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, ΣPFOS row, Overall (N = 86) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 22.1 (11.7) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Overall (N = 86) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | 18.6 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Overall (N = 86) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | [6.20, 63.4] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFOA row, Overall (N = 86) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 2.96 (12.8) | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; mean (SD), lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Overall (N = 86) Mean (SD) column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | 0 | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; median, lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Overall (N = 86) Median column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFHxS | [0, 111] | pg/g fresh weight | Human milk national pools, WHO/UNEP surveys, Overall; [min, max], lower bound | PDF p.5, Table 1, PFHxS row, Overall (N = 86) [Min, Max] column | Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019) |
| PFOA | n.d.-83 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, pilot study 2013 (n = 21); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, pilot study block, PFOA row, pilot range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOA | n.d. | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, pilot study 2013 (n = 21); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, pilot study block, PFOA row, pilot median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOA | 81 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, pilot study 2013 (n = 21); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, pilot study block, PFOA row, pilot P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOS | 58-310 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, pilot study 2013 (n = 21); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, pilot study block, PFOS row, pilot range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOS | 110 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, pilot study 2013 (n = 21); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, pilot study block, PFOS row, pilot median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOS | 300 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, pilot study 2013 (n = 21); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, pilot study block, PFOS row, pilot P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOA | <LOQ-91 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFOA row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOA | 25 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFOA row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOA | 75 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFOA row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOS | n.d.-55 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFOS row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOS | 12 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFOS row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOS | 39 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFOS row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFHxS | <LOQ-9.7 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFHxS row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFHxS | <LOQ | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFHxS row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFHxS | 6.0 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFHxS row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFNA | n.d.-15 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFNA row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFNA | <LOQ | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFNA row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFNA | 8.0 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFNA row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFDA | n.d.-8.7 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFDA row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFDA | n.d. | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFDA row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFDA | 4.6 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFDA row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFHxA | n.d.-28 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFHxA row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFHxA | n.d. | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFHxA row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFHxA | 16 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFHxA row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFBS | n.d.-8.1 | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); range | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFBS row, follow-up range column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFBS | n.d. | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); median | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFBS row, follow-up median column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFBS | n.d. | ng/L | Breast milk, Austria, follow-up study 2014-2016 (n = 40); 95th percentile | PDF p.11, Table 3, follow-up study block, PFBS row, follow-up P95 column | Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016 |
| PFOA | 57.60 (33.98) | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); mean (SD) | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOA row, Mean (SD) column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOA | 2.19 | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); minimum | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOA row, Min column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOA | 50.77 | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); median | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOA row, p50 column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOA | 182.55 | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); maximum | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOA row, Max column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOS | 126.70 (63.07) | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); mean (SD) | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOS row, Mean (SD) column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOS | 22.99 | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); minimum | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOS row, Min column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOS | 116.73 | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); median | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOS row, p50 column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOS | 370.63 | ng/L | Breast milk at 1 month post-partum, Norway (N = 230); maximum | PDF p.3, Table 1, PFAS class, PFOS row, Max column | Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month |
| PFOA | 2.80 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, Max column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOA | 0.27 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, Median column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOA | 0.35 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); mean | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, Mean column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOA | 97.3 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); detection frequency (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, Detection frequencies column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOS | 0.31 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, Max column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOS | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, Median column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOS | 0.05 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); mean | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, Mean column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOS | 30.7 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); detection frequency (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, Detection frequencies column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFNA | 0.16 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, Max column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFNA | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, Median column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFNA | 0.01 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); mean | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, Mean column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFNA | 10.0 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); detection frequency (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, Detection frequencies column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFHxS | 0.1121 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, Max column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFHxS | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, Median column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFHxS | 0.027 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); mean | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, Mean column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFHxS | 2.0 | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); detection frequency (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, Detection frequencies column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFBS | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFBS row, Max column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFHxA | <LOD | ng/mL | Human milk, e-waste dismantling area, China (n = 150); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxA row, Max column | Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples |
| PFOA | <LOD - 284 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); range | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFOA row, Range column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOA | 41.4 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); mean of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFOA row, Mean, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOA | 34.2 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); median of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFOA row, Median, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOA | 99.5 | % | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); detection frequency | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFOA row, Detection frequency column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOS | <LOD - 142 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); range | PDF p.5, Table 3, L-PFOS row, Range column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOS | 35.7 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); mean of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, L-PFOS row, Mean, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOS | 30.2 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); median of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, L-PFOS row, Median, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOS | 95.9 | % | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); detection frequency | PDF p.5, Table 3, L-PFOS row, Detection frequency column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFHxS | <LOD - 167 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); range | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFHxS row, Range column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFHxS | 13.0 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); mean of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFHxS row, Mean, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFHxS | 9.30 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); median of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFHxS row, Median, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFHxS | 62.5 | % | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); detection frequency | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFHxS row, Detection frequency column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFNA | <LOD - 396 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); range | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFNA row, Range column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFNA | 10.4 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); mean of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFNA row, Mean, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFNA | 7.60 | ng/L | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); median of results above LOD | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFNA row, Median, >LOD only column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFNA | 61.0 | % | Canadian human milk (MIREC, n = 664); detection frequency | PDF p.5, Table 3, PFNA row, Detection frequency column | Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study |
| PFOA | 100 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOA | 12.04 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOA | 335.9 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOA | 1,933 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOA | 2,059 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOA row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOS | 100 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOS | 2.621 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOS | 49.72 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOS | 257.4 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFOS | 2,503 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFOS row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFNA | 100 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFNA | 1.161 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFNA | 12.28 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFNA | 50.37 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFNA | 307.0 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFNA row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFDA | 99.2 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFDA row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFDA | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFDA row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFDA | 8.721 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFDA row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFDA | 59.24 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFDA row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFDA | 798.3 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFDA row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxS | 94.9 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxS | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxS | 7.286 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxS | 54.93 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxS | 533.8 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxS row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxA | 32.4 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxA row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxA | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxA row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxA | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxA row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxA | 6.789 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxA row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFHxA | 238.0 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFHxA row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFBS | 25.3 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFBS row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFBS | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFBS row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFBS | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFBS row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFBS | 2.788 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFBS row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| PFBS | 30.42 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, PFBS row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| HFPO-DA | 8.5 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); detection rate (%) | PDF p.6, Table 2, HFPO-DA row, DR (%) column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| HFPO-DA | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); minimum | PDF p.6, Table 2, HFPO-DA row, Min column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| HFPO-DA | <LOQ | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); median | PDF p.6, Table 2, HFPO-DA row, 50th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| HFPO-DA | 5.527 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); 95th percentile | PDF p.6, Table 2, HFPO-DA row, 95th column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
| HFPO-DA | 199.1 | ng/L | Human milk, China (n = 1,151); maximum | PDF p.6, Table 2, HFPO-DA row, Max column | Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications |
Analytical methods
Regulatory references
Navigation
Products · Analytes · Methodology
Evidence gaps
Sources
- Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through human milk in preterm infants
- Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China
- Estimated Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Maternal Serum to Breast Milk in Women Highly Exposed from Contaminated Drinking Water: A Study in the Ronneby Mother-Child Cohort
- Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort
- Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort
- Development and Validation of a Method for Quantitative UPLC-MS/MS Determination of Selected Perfluorocarboxylic and Perfluorosulfonic Acids in Human Urine
- Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019)
- Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016
- Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Human Milk: First Survey from Lebanon
- Impact of Environmental Exposures on Human Breast Milk Lipidome in Future Immune-Mediated Diseases
- Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month
- Next-generation biomonitoring of the early-life chemical exposome in neonatal and infant development
- Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples
- Maternal Serum, Cord and Human Milk Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), Association with Predictors and Effect on Newborn Anthropometry
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Products by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), AOAC Official Method 2025.07, First Action
- Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016
- Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study
- Validation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Method for Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analytes in Food and Feed: First Action 2025.06
- Early-life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Analysis of levels, health risk and binding abilities to transport proteins
- Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications
References
Sources explicitly cited in this page's body.
- Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China
- Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort
- Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort
- Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019)
- Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016
- Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month
- Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples
- Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study
- Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications
- Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through human milk in preterm infants
- Estimated Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Maternal Serum to Breast Milk in Women Highly Exposed from Contaminated Drinking Water: A Study in the Ronneby Mother-Child Cohort
- Development and Validation of a Method for Quantitative UPLC-MS/MS Determination of Selected Perfluorocarboxylic and Perfluorosulfonic Acids in Human Urine
- Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Human Milk: First Survey from Lebanon
- Impact of Environmental Exposures on Human Breast Milk Lipidome in Future Immune-Mediated Diseases
- Next-generation biomonitoring of the early-life chemical exposome in neonatal and infant development
- Maternal Serum, Cord and Human Milk Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), Association with Predictors and Effect on Newborn Anthropometry
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Products by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), AOAC Official Method 2025.07, First Action
- Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016
- Validation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Method for Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analytes in Food and Feed: First Action 2025.06
- Early-life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Analysis of levels, health risk and binding abilities to transport proteins