Sources

Each source page identifies a study or report that this index cites: title, authors, year, and where to read it. A source page is not a finding by itself. Numbers from that study appear on the category and analyte pages when they were transcribed.

Sources that are still drafts are not listed.

• Seasonal variations in the occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment and fish samples from Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain)
• Serum concentrations of PFASs and exposure-related behaviors in African American and non-Hispanic white women
• Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in edible fish species from Charleston Harbor and tributaries, South Carolina, United States: Exposure and risk assessment
• PFASs in Finnish Rivers and Fish and the Loading of PFASs to the Baltic Sea
• Reduction of perfluorinated compound content in fish cake and swimming crab by different cooking methods
• Development of extraction and cleanup approaches for PFASs analysis in fish tissue by HPLC-MS/MS technique
• Trophic Magnification of Legacy (PCB, DDT and Hg) and Emerging Pollutants (PFAS) in the Fish Community of a Small Protected Southern Alpine Lake (Lake Mergozzo, Northern Italy)
• PFAS and Precursor Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Recreational Fish: Implications for Fish Advisories
• Assessing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sediments and fishes in a large, urbanized estuary and the potential human health implications
• Assessment of contamination levels and exposure risk of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFOS and PFOA) in Vietnamese fish
• Analysis of Per- and Poly(fluoroalkyl) Substances (PFASs) in Highly Consumed Seafood Products from U.S. Markets
• PFAS levels in fish species in the Po River (Italy): New generation PFAS, fish ecological traits and parasitism in the foreground
• Study on Quantification and Toxicity Estimation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Vietnamese Fish and Food Packaging Materials
• One Health assessment of persistent organic chemicals and PFAS for consumption of restored anadromous fish
• Perfluoroalkyl substances in Baltic fish - the risk to consumers
• Incidence of Potentially Toxic Elements and Perfluoroalkyl Substances Present in Canned Anchovies and Their Impact on Food Safety
• Distribution and potential health risks of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, sediment, and fish in Dongjiang River Basin, Southern China
• Assessment of the Variability in the Occurrence of PFAS in Fish Tissues from Selected Fisheries in the Baltic Sea
• Characterizing the Areal Extent of PFAS Contamination in Fish Species Downgradient of AFFF Source Zones
• PFAS assessment in fish - Samples from Illinois waters
• Identification and quantification of fluorinated polymers in consumer products by combustion ion chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
• Determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in six different fish species from Swiss lakes
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in fish collected from the Rio Grande and reservoirs in northern New Mexico
• Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides, and PFAS: Quantifying Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Plastics and Fish Tissues Using Solvent Extraction and LC‐MS/MS
• Retrospective Identification of Novel and Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in German Archived Fish Livers Using a Combined High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Approach
• Spatial Trends and Health Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in San Francisco Bay Fish from 2009 to 2019
• Contamination Characteristics of 21 PFAS in Shellfish and Crustaceans of Zhejiang Province and Exposure Risk Assessment for Adult Dietary Consumers
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in commercially important marine species of fish and shellfish from Alaska and implications for human exposure
• Non-Targeted Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Blue Crab
• Occurrence, Bioaccumulation and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Freshwater Fish from Zhejiang Markets: Implications for Human Health Risks
• Citizen-science data reveal drivers of PFAS variability in backyard chicken eggs
• Confirmatory Analysis of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Milk and Infant Formula Using UHPLC-MS/MS
• Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through human milk in preterm infants
• Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Types on the Uptake and Translocation of PFAS and Metabolomic Activities of Hydroponically Cultivated Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
• Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available bottled drinking water in Saudi Arabia
• Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China
• Uptake and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances by grafted tomato plants cultivated in a contaminated site in northern Italy
• Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
• The analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances at ppt level in milk and egg using UHPLC-MS/MS
• An evaluation and risk assessment of children’s exposures to water-soluble per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances through winter gloves
• Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances in agricultural systems: Human dietary exposure via beef raised on corn stover from a field with contaminated biosolids
• Risk assessment PFAS in home-produced chicken eggs
• Home-Produced Eggs as Indicators of PFAS Contamination in Food Following a Fire at a Plastic Recycling Plant
• Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Levels in Commercial and Home-Produced Eggs in Croatia
• Estimated Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Maternal Serum to Breast Milk in Women Highly Exposed from Contaminated Drinking Water: A Study in the Ronneby Mother-Child Cohort
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in powdered infant formula: potential exposures and health risks
• An assessment of PFAS contamination in wild boar meat and liver
• Assessing Human Health Risks from Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS)-Impacted Vegetable Consumption: A Tiered Modeling Approach
• PFAS uptake by lettuce: Roles of PFAS properties, co-present organic acids, and nanoplastics
• Linking Vegetable Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Accumulation with Root Chemical Traits
• Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
• Unregulated and Regulated PFASs in Bottled and Tap Water: Occurrence, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Implications for Human Health and Regulatory Frameworks
• Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort
• Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort
• Development and Validation of a Method for Quantitative UPLC-MS/MS Determination of Selected Perfluorocarboxylic and Perfluorosulfonic Acids in Human Urine
• Influence of Talc in Polypropylene on Total Fluorine Measurements Used as an Indicator of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
• Preliminary results from monitoring perfluoroalkyl substances contamination in the livers of broiler chickens raised in Italy
• Distribution of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in pig liver and muscle: implications for food safety
• Rapid Determination of Selected PFAS in Textiles Entering the Waste Stream
• First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
• Environmental Monitoring of PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PFASs in Wild Boar and Domestic Pig Tissues from Northern Italy
• PFAS, PCBs, PCDD/Fs, PAHs and extractable organic fluorine in bio-based fertilizers, amended soils and plants: Exposure assessment and temporal trends
• Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants
• Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
• Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution
• Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure
• A Participatory Science Approach to Evaluating Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Metals and PFAS in Guatemala City Tap Water
• A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis?
• Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Simultaneous Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
• Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States
• Legacy and novel PFASs in wastewater, natural water, and drinking water: Occurrence in Western Countries vs China
• Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
• Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
• Prevalence and Source Tracing of PFAS in Shallow Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in Wisconsin, USA
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and house dust from United States homes
• Examining Potential PFAS Contamination of Private Wells from a High School in Rural Maine
• Quantifying Disparities in Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Levels in Drinking Water from Overburdened Communities in New Jersey, 2019-2021
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water in Southeast Los Angeles: Industrial Legacy and Environmental Justice
• Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
• Evaluation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Levels in Drinking Water: A Study of Riverside Municipal Wells
• Elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tap water and serum in a community near an abandoned paper mill
• Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water from the American Healthy Homes Survey II
• Characterization of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Sources in the Greater Montreal Area, Quebec, Canada
• Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
• Associations between PFAS in public water system drinking water and serum among Southern California adults
• Occurrence, Sources, and Prioritization of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water from Yangtze River Delta, China: Focusing on Emerging PFASs
• Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) in tap water in the southern key economic region
• PFAS in Rural U.S. Well Water: Using Participatory Science to Identify and Communicate Results to Address Risks
• Identification and quantification of PFAS in the tap water of a French City, Besançon
• Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors
• Determination of perfluorinated compounds, antibiotics and pesticides in drinking water by automated solid phase extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
• Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water Following an Accidental Release of Fire-Fighting Foam into the Drinking Water System in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
• Assessment of Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Waters Used for Urban Water Supply in Brazil
• Evaluation of isotope-dilution mass spectrometry, internal standard, and external standard methods for PFAS quantification in tap water and soil
• Presence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Contact Materials (FCM) and Its Migration to Food
• Migration Safety of Perfluoroalkyl Substances from Sugarcane Pulp Tableware: Residue Analysis and Takeout Simulation Study
• Assessing reliable measurements of total organic fluorine in food packaging materials
• Preliminary Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Philippine Fast Food Packaging using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
• Fluorinated compounds in paper and paperboard based food packaging materials
• Comparative evaluation of pre-column derivatization strategies for PFAS analysis in paper-based food contact material using GC-MS
• High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Identification, Quantification, and Risk Assessment of 40 PFAS Migrating from Microwave Popcorn Bags
• Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in raw materials intended for the production of paper-based food contact materials - evaluating LC-MS/MS versus total fluorine and extractable organic fluorine
• Use and release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in consumer food packaging in U.S. and Canada
• Presence of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids and Sulfonates in Vietnamese Food Contact Materials
• Determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in paper recycling grades using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry
• Determination of total extractable organofluorine (EOF) in food contact materials and target and non-target analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances using LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS simultaneously coupled to ICP-MS
• Fluorinated Compounds in U.S. Fast Food Packaging
• Total Fluorine Measurements in Food Packaging: How Do Current Methods Perform?
• Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Canadian Fast Food Packaging
• Determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in food packaging in Taiwan using ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
• Studies of Potential Migration of Hazardous Chemicals from Sustainable Food Contact Materials
• Total and class-specific determination of fluorinated compounds in consumer and food packaging samples using fluorine-19 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• Post-ICP Chemical Ionization MS for Total Extractable Organic Fluorine Quantitation
• Release of Volatile Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Plant Fiber-Based Food Packaging and Municipal Solid Waste to Gas under Simulated Landfill Conditions
• Health Risk Exposure Assessment of Migration of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Perfluorooctanoic Acid from Paper and Cardboard in Contact with Food under Temperature Variations
• Determination of Poly- and Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in Livestock and Game Animals in Ghana: First Data on Contamination in the Liver Tissue of Mammals and Birds from Africa
• Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019)
• Fast and Sensitive Analysis of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods of Animal Origin
• Analyte and matrix method extension of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food and feed
• Preliminary monitoring of the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in Italian eggs from different breeding systems
• Occurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
• Extractable Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Menstrual Underwear
• Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016
• Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Human Milk: First Survey from Lebanon
• Correlation between the PFAS levels in bovine blood and the levels in the meat and offal of these animals
• Occurrence and Dietary Exposure of Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Preprepared Meat and Aquatic Dishes - China, 2025
• Quantitative determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil, water, and home garden produce
• Impact of Environmental Exposures on Human Breast Milk Lipidome in Future Immune-Mediated Diseases
• Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month
• Next-generation biomonitoring of the early-life chemical exposome in neonatal and infant development
• Advancing PFASs monitoring in food: from targeted SPE-LC-MS/MS to non-targeted QuEChERS-LC-HRMS approaches
• Development and Application of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of 20 Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruit and Vegetables at Sub-Parts-per-Trillion Levels
• Concentration and health risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in cosmetic and personal care products
• Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products
• Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Per‐ and Poly‐Fluoroalkyl Substances From Electronic Waste Disassembly Areas and Steroid Hormones in Human Milk Samples
• Occurrence and Dietary Exposure of PFAS in Singapore: Insights from a Total Diet Study
• Crop bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids through multi-media transport from a mega fluorochemical industrial park, China
• Concentrations of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances in vegetables from Sydney and Newcastle, Australia
• Maternal Serum, Cord and Human Milk Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), Association with Predictors and Effect on Newborn Anthropometry
• Occurrence and health risk assessment of PFAS and possible precursors: a case study in a drinking water treatment plant and bottled water (south Catalonia, Spain)
• Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Products by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), AOAC Official Method 2025.07, First Action
• Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
• Chickens’ eggs and the livers of farm animals as sources of perfluoroalkyl substances
• Characterization and dermal bioaccessibility of residual- and listed PFAS ingredients in cosmetic products
• Incidence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Commercial Eggs and Their Impact on Consumer’s Safety
• Prevalence of perfluoroalkyl substances in paired batches of precooked and canned bovine meat and their implication on consumer safety
• Stuffed toys as a source of oral PFAS exposure: Migration into artificial saliva and exposure assessment
• Study of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Infant Formulas and Baby Bottles: Data from the European LIFE-MILCH PROJECT
• Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016
• Evaluation of extraction methodologies for PFAS analysis in mascara: a comparative study of SPME and automated µSPE
• Large scale study on PFASs levels in fruits, vegetables and soil from allotments and gardens contaminated by atmospheric deposition from a Dutch fluorochemical production plant
• Are cosmetics a significant source of PFAS in Europe? product inventories, chemical characterization and emission estimates
• Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study
• How Well Do Product Labels Indicate the Presence of PFAS in Consumer Items Used by Children and Adolescents?
• An Outdoor Aging Study to Investigate the Release of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Functional Textiles
• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fluorine mass balance in cosmetic products from the Swedish market: implications for environmental emissions and human exposure
• Development of a certified reference material for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in textiles
• Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances in land‐applied biosolids: Accumulation in soils, crop uptake, and potential dietary risk
• Validation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Method for Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analytes in Food and Feed: First Action 2025.06
• Prioritization, Identification, and Quantification of Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Textiles Using Non-Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflows by LC-ESI-HRMS
• Liquid Chromatographic Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in the Yolk of Poultry Eggs in Malaysia
• Tap vs Bottled: Assessing PFAS Levels and Exposure Risks in Singapore’s Drinking Water
• An LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of 57 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances at ng/kg levels in different food matrices
• Fate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Durable Water-Repellent Clothing during Use
• Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China
• Fluorinated Compounds in North American Cosmetics
• Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Reusable Feminine Hygiene Products
• Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North American School Uniforms
• Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
• Crop Contamination and Human Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances around a Fluorochemical Industrial Park in China
• Early-life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Analysis of levels, health risk and binding abilities to transport proteins
• Targeted quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in livestock serum by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry
• Comprehensive screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products using pyrolysis GC-MS
• Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications
• Occurrence, Sources, and Risk Assessment of PFAS in Soil-Mango Systems of the Chinese Tropical Nanfan District

Index · Methodology